Germanium
32
Ge
Ryhmä
14
Jakso
4
Lohko
p
Protonia
Elektronit
Neutronia
32
32
41
Yleiset ominaisuudet
Järjestysluku
32
Atomipaino
72,63
Massaluku
73
Luokka
Puolimetallit
Väri
Harmaa
Radioaktiivisuus
Ei
From the Latin word Germania, Germany
Kiderakenne
Pintakeskinen kuutiollinen
Historia
In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon.
In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.
The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.
The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
Elektroneja elektronikuorilla
2, 8, 18, 4
Orbitaalirakenne
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Germanium and the oxide are transparent to infrared radiation
Fyysiset ominaisuudet
Olomuoto
Kiinteä
Tiheys
5,323 g/cm3
Sulamispiste
1211,4 K | 938,25 °C | 1720,85 °F
Kiehumispiste
3106,15 K | 2833 °C | 5131,4 °F
Sulamislämpö
31,8 kJ/mol
Höyrystymislämpö
334 kJ/mol
Ominaislämpökapasiteetti
0,32 J/g·K
Esiintyvyys maankuoressa
0,00014%
Esiintyvyys maailmankaikkeudessa
0,00002%
CAS-numero
7440-56-4
PubChem CID-numero
6326954
Atomiominaisuudet
Atomisäde
122 pm
Kovalenttisäde
122 pm
Elektronegatiivisuus
2,01 (Paulingin asteikko)
Ionisoitumispotentiaali
7,8994 eV
Moolitilavuus
13,6 cm3/mol
Lämmönjohtavuus
0,599 W/cm·K
Hapetusluvut
-4, 1, 2, 3, 4
Käyttö
The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor in electronics.
Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.
It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.
It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.
It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.
It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is not known to be toxic
Isotooppi
Vakaat isotoopit
70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74GeEpävakaat isotoopit
58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 71Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge